Compare and Contrast William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 to In an Artists Studio by Christina Rossetti Essays

Compare and Contrast William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 to In an Artists Studio by Christina Rossetti Essays Compare and Contrast William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 to In an Artists Studio by Christina Rossetti Paper Compare and Contrast William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 to In an Artists Studio by Christina Rossetti Paper Essay Topic: Christina Rossetti Poems Literature The pre twentieth century sonnets In an Artists studio (1856) by Christina Rossetti (1830 1894) and Sonnet 18 (1609) by William Shakespeare (1564 1616) are related because they explore the subjects of Beauty and Love, however it is important to acknowledge that although they are similar in content, they differ due to the way they present the object of their desires from contrasting perspectives. Furthermore, whilst the poems share the conventional fourteen line sonnet structure, Rossetti relies on the petrarchan whilst Shakespeares rhyme scheme is original. The Petrarchan sonnet portrays Christina Rossettis older brother, Dante Gabrielle, who was obsessed with the model Jane Morris whom he used for inspiration in his paintings during the Pre Raphalite period, which he himself founded. The aim of the Brotherhood was to produce earnest, quasi-religious works, motivated by medieval and early Renaissance painters up to the time of the Italian painter and Architect Raphael. This was because as a whole they eschewed the sombre colours and formal vision preferred by the Royal academy at the time. This is illustrated by Dante Gabrielles paintings of the nameless girl in freshest summer greens. By Contrast, Shakespeares sonnet is addressed to an anonymous person with whom he is infatuated. He begins by posing the rhetorical question of whether or not he should compare his subject to A summers day. He dismisses his question in the second line and argues thou art more lovely and more temperate. Although the diction used in the poem is ornate due to the tradition of courtly love of his time, his simple and direct analogy enables us to comprehend the nature oh his affection more easily. His use of iambic pentameter is also very efficient, there being ten syllables in each line and the use of a simple rhyming scheme with a couplet at the end helps to generate a calm and confident effect which contributes to Shakespeares general premise of the nature Love. Rossettis ode is written two hundred and forty seven years later and is therefore far simpler to grasp. She describes her brothers infatuation by using the word feeds which indicates that he needs the model to sustain himself as he feeds upon her face by night and day. Rossetti uses language associated with food to convey the impression that love is essential to the contribution of life itself. The nameless face is a portrait of perfection throughout all of Dantes canvasses. Whereas Shakespeare woos his beloved through flattery by stating that his love is better than the sun because, Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, and often his gold complexion dimmd. The first part of the quotation indicates that the heat of the sun is sometimes scorching and therefore unbearable, the personification of the sun as somebody radiating out heat and causing discomfort enables him to describe his love as something more lovely and temperate than the imperfections of the English summer. Although the objects of affection in each sonnet are presented differently, it can be seen that both poets are portraying perfection. Rossetti expresses that Gabrielle has presented Jane Morris beyond reality and has perfected her so, proving her to be not as she is but as she fills his dream. Comparatively Shakespeare conveys that the being whom he is flattering is better than a summers day. Summers lease hath all too short a date Stating that summer does not last whereas the beauty of his subject of desire will, expressing that the lease of his exquisiteness is everlasting. There is a prominent use of natural worlds in both poems to glamorise Rossetti and Shakespeares subjects of desire equally. Shakespeare chooses a summers day to reiterate that his entity of desire is far beyond the beauty of a summers day Whereas Rossettis simile Fair as the moon and joyful as the light suggests that the women in the paintings is presented as angelic and saint like which is reflective of the pre raphelite period in which they purposely hunted to bring a religious undertone to their art, and because they aimed to produce quasi religious works. Again verifying the embroidered depiction of the cherished individuals. Both admirers Shakespeare and Rossetti offer immortality. Shakespeare quite ironically states that Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade in line 12 of the sonnet, referring to the biblical reference, oh death, where is thy sting? Or grave thy victory (Psalms 23:3). This testimonial implies that death normally boasts of his conquests over life. Whereas Shakespeare implies that his magnificence will not be forgotten even if death captures her. When in eternal lines to time thou growest, suggesting that it is through these undying lines that his subjects elegance will be able to live by time. In his ending couplet, Shakespeare states that as long as men breathe and eyes can see his verses will live on commemorating and renewing the life he adores. Similarly Dante Gabrielles paintings of the selfsame figure will allow Jane Morris to be reminisced, obviously through the canvases. Although it can be debated that it is not the actual model of Jane Morris whom will be remembered, but instead the superficial self which Dante has created. A saint, an angel every canvas means Every depiction is created just as perfect as both a saint and an angel. I believe that this is a very important part to have identified because of Christina Rossettis tone whilst describing the nameless face. Rossetti highlights her animosity through the use of repetition in the first two verses. One face looks out from all his canvases One selfsame figure sits or walks or leans Her tone here is cynical as she repeats the word One suggesting that she is bitter and resilient to his portrayal of the model as well as his obsession. I personally enjoyed Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare, because it is more effective in revealing the essence of Love and Beauty. Although both sonnets are about beauty and love they are still quite different to each other. In Sonnet 18 Shakespeare uses an analogy to evaluate his subject to a summers day. He presents her through adoration and displays her as she naturally is. However in In an Artists studio Dante sustains upon the selfsame figure that he possesses in his personal intellect. The model Jane Morris is placed on a pedestal to make her appear unblemished as well as angelic and unquestionably picturesque. Gabrielle does not portray her as she is but instead, as she fills his dreams. Both Sonnets characterize their treasured ones in unimaginable forms, they are exquisite to the outermost, simply by the use of unparalleled phraseology, manufacturing them neither as they arise but moreover as they saturate dreams.

The History of the Thermometer

The History of the Thermometer Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in some way when they are heated or cooled. In a mercury or alcohol thermometer, the liquid expands as it is heated and contracts when it is cooled, so the length of the liquid column is longer or shorter depending on the temperature. Modern thermometers are calibrated in standard temperature units such as Fahrenheit (used in the United States) or Celsius (used in Canada), or Kelvin (used mostly by scientists). What is a Thermoscope? Before there was the thermometer, there was the earlier and closely related thermoscope, best described as a thermometer without a scale. A thermoscope only showed the differences in temperatures, for example, it could show something was getting hotter. However, the thermoscope did not measure all the data that a thermometer could, for example, an exact temperature in degrees. Early History Several inventors invented a version of the thermoscope at the same time. In 1593, Galileo Galilei invented a rudimentary water thermoscope, which for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured. Today, Galileos invention is called the Galileo Thermometer, even though by definition it was really a thermoscope. It was a container filled with bulbs of varying mass, each with a temperature marking, the buoyancy of water changes with temperature, some of the bulbs sink while others float, the lowest bulb indicated what temperature it was. In 1612, the Italian inventor Santorio Santorio became the first inventor to put a numerical scale on his thermoscope. It was perhaps the first crude clinical thermometer, as it was designed to be placed in a patients mouth for temperature taking. Neither Galileos nor Santorios instruments were very accurate. In 1654, the first enclosed liquid-in-a-glass thermometer was invented by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. The Duke used alcohol as his liquid. However, it was still inaccurate and used no standardized scale. Fahrenheit Scale: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit What can be considered the first modern thermometer, the mercury thermometer with a standardized scale, was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was the German physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer in 1709, and the mercury thermometer in 1714. In 1724, he introduced the standard temperature scale that bears his name- Fahrenheit Scale- that was used to record changes in temperature in an accurate fashion. The Fahrenheit scale divided the freezing and boiling points of water into 180 degrees. 32 °F was the freezing point of water and 212 °F was the boiling point of water. 0 °F was based on the temperature of an equal mixture of water, ice, and salt. Fahrenheit based his temperature scale on the temperature of the human body. Originally, the human body temperature was 100 ° F on the Fahrenheit scale, but it has since been adjusted to 98.6 °F. Centigrade Scale: Anders Celsius The Celsius temperature scale is also referred to as the centigrade scale. Centigrade means consisting of or divided into 100 degrees. In 1742, the Celsius scale was invented by Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius. The Celsius scale has 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 °C) and boiling point (100 °C) of pure water at sea level air pressure. The term Celsius was adopted in 1948 by an international conference on weights and measures. Kelvin Scale: Lord Kelvin Lord Kelvin took the whole process one step further with his invention of the Kelvin Scale in 1848. The Kelvin Scale measures the ultimate extremes of hot and cold. Kelvin developed the idea of absolute temperature, what is called the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and developed the dynamical theory of heat. In the 19th century, scientists were researching what was the lowest temperature possible. The Kelvin scale uses the same units as the Celcius scale, but it starts at Absolute Zero, the temperature at which everything including air freezes solid. Absolute zero is 0 K, which is equal to 273 °C degrees Celsius. When a thermometer was used to measure the temperature of a liquid or of air, the thermometer was kept in the liquid or air while a temperature reading was being taken. Obviously, when you take the temperature of the human body you cant do the same thing. The mercury thermometer was adapted so it could be taken out of the body to read the temperature. The clinical or medical thermometer was modified with a sharp bend in its tube that was narrower than the rest of the tube. This narrow bend kept the temperature reading in place after you removed the thermometer from the patient by creating a break in the mercury column. That is why you shake a mercury medical thermometer before and after you use it, to reconnect the mercury and get the thermometer to return to room temperature. Mouth Thermometers In 1612, the Italian inventor  Santorio Santorio  invented  the mouth thermometer  and perhaps the first crude clinical thermometer. However, it was both bulky, inaccurate, and took too long to get a reading. The first doctors to routinely take the temperature of their patients were: Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738), Gerard L.B. Van Swieten (1700–1772) founder of the Viennese School of Medicine, and Anton De Haen (1704–1776). These doctors found temperature correlated to the progress of an illness, however, few of their contemporaries agreed, and the thermometer was not widely used. First Practical Medical Thermometer English physician, Sir Thomas Allbutt (1836–1925) invented the first practical medical thermometer used for taking the  temperature  of a person in 1867. It was portable, 6 inches in length and able to record a patients temperature in 5 min. Ear Thermometer Pioneering  biodynamicist  and flight surgeon with the Luftwaffe during World War II, Theodore Hannes Benzinger invented the ear thermometer. David Phillips invented the infrared ear thermometer in 1984. Dr. Jacob Fraden, CEO of Advanced Monitors Corporation, invented the worlds  best-selling ear thermometer, the Thermoscan ® Human Ear Thermometer.